Advances in Surface Modification Techniques of Ureteral Stents

The article introduces the formation process of bacterial infection and encrustation on the surface of ureteral stents, elaborates in detail on six surface modification methods for ureteral stents, namely impregnation, spraying, vapor deposition, chemical grafting, self-assembly, and electrospinning, and analyzes the advantages and limitations of each technique during application. Meanwhile, it introduces three commonly used materials for ureteral stents, namely polymers, metals, and biodegradable materials, and further explaines the commonly used surface modification methods corresponding to different materials. Looking ahead, with the continuous strengthening of the multi-technology integration trend and the continuous advancement of new material research and development, it is expected that a more ideal ureteral stent can be developed.