Abstract: Calcium phosphate, due to its high chemical similarity to the mineral phase of natural bone, combined with excellent biocompatibility and favorable osteoconductive properties, has been widely recognized as a core biomaterial in the field of bone defect repair. In recent years, with the rapid advancement of 3D printing technology, the manufacturing level of calcium phosphate bone repair scaffolds has significantly improved, enhancing their applicability in complex clinical scenarios. This article systematically reviews the 3D printing technologies used in the preparation of calcium phosphate bone repair scaffolds, modification strategies for their structure and composition, as well as current challenges and future development directions, aiming to provide theoretical support for the design optimization, clinical translation, and application of such products.