Abstract: Optical brain-computer interface (OBCI) technology is a new cross-cutting frontier technology that uses optical methods to achieve information interaction between the human brain and external devices through neuroengineering. Among them, brain-computer interface (BCI) devices based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) have been developed and applied one after another, and this type of technology has become one of the main development directions of non-invasive optical brain-computer interface medical device technology. At the same time, optical brain-computer interface technology based on optogenetic brain-computer interface technology and optical calcium imaging technology has also been proposed as a research hotspot in recent years, and will serve as a new prospect for the future development of optical brain-computer interface medical device technology. This article mainly reviews the basic principles and research progress of functional near-infrared spectroscopy brain-computer interface (fNIRS-BCI), and introduces the research frontier of brain-computer interface based on optogenetic brain-computer interface and optical calcium imaging technology. Finally, the further development of optical brain-computer interface medical device detection technology is proposed, providing certain guidance and ideas for the development, detection and supervision of this type of brain-computer interface industry.